Writing music is a complicated thing to learn. Here, then, is an explanation of key, time signature, notes, clefs, etc.in as simple mananer as possible.

Writing music is a very challenging and rewarding experience. However, there are certain basics that one must have before attempting to do so, no matter what type of music is being written. All music writers must be informed about clef, key signature, key, accidentals, etc. 

Clef is the first thing that one needs to know. Its the symbol at the very beginning of each staff (five-line grid that music is written on). If it looks kind of like an S, its treble clef. Treble clef is by far the most common; its used by violins, pianos, all brass and woodwind instruments (except possibly the very low ones), and many other higher-pitched instruments. Its the basic music-reading that everyone learned in school: FACE going up in the spaces, and Every Good Boy Does Fine (EGBDF) going up on the lines. Another common clef is bass, which looks kind of like a C. Cellos and pianos use it (pianos have a double staff). The music is almost an octave lower: it goes up in ACEG along the spaces and GBDFA along the lines. Tenor clef is bass clef which has been transcribed up five notes, and is much less common. Alto clef is used for violas, and it goes up GBDF in the spaces and FACEG on the lines. 

After the clef has been decided (its pretty uniform, depending on the instrument), the key signature must be decided. This tells how many sharps or flats the piece has. No key signature can have sharps and flats. These sharps and flats are added in a particular order, by fifths. When counting in fifths, there are only seven of them before one hits the same note again this is because there are only seven DIFFERENT notes in a scale the first and last are the same. 

The sharps start with F#, then C#, then G#, then D#, then A#, then E#, then B#. They are always added in this order and no sharps can be added without the preceding sharps also written into the key signature. These sharps come in fifths, starting with the lowest and ascending. With no sharps, the key is C major. With one sharp, the key signature is G major. Two sharps, D major. Three sharps, A major. Four sharps, E major. Five sharps, B major. Six sharps, F# major. Seven sharps, C# major. These keys come in fifths. 

The flats start with B-flat, then E-flat, then A-flat, then D-flat, then G-flat, then C-flat, and finally F-flat. These flats start with the highest and come in descending order. No flats is, of course, C major. One flat is F major, two flats is B-flat major, three flats is E-flat major, four flats is A-flat major, five flats is D-flat major, six flats is G-flat major, seven flats is C-flat major. These keys also come in fifths. 

For each of these major scales, there is a relative minor. To find the relative minor, look at the key signature and take it up three steps for example, if it has three sharps, its A major. Up three steps would be F# major. Thus, F# MINOR (which, as a minor scale, would have the same key signature as A major, three sharps all are lowered three sharps as minors) is the relative minor. What if there are less than three sharps? Once all the sharps have been subtracted, add flats. What if there are more than five flats? Transfer it to its equivalent major scale (C flat is the same as B natural). Another example: the relative minor of C major is A minor, because A major has three sharps. When its lowered three fifths, it has the same key signature as C major no sharps. 

A fifth is a way of counting notes. From C to G is a fifth because if one counts CDEFG one gets five notes. Fifths are always used in major chords. Fourths ABCD (from A to D) are occasionally used, as are sevenths CDEFGAB is a seventh (that is, from C to B). A chord containing, for example, both C and B, which are not combined in regular major chords are called major seventh chords. Chords are built on thirds DEF# is a third. D and F# are the first two notes in the D major chord. A, which is a third from F# and a fifth from D, is the third note. The fourth and final note is a D an octave higher. All regular major chords are built this way. Minor chords are built similarly, except that the second note in this case, F# - is lowered half a step. Here, it becomes F (natural). 

There are also different versions of minor chords, such as the harmonic minor (when the scale is played almost like a major scale on the way up the first lowered note is left alone. On the way down, its played the usual way). For example, the notes is A minor are A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and A, all natural. On the way up, one would play A, B, C (this is the note which is left alone), D, E, F#, G# (these two notes are altered), A. On the way back down, one would play the original minor scale. Another version is the melodic minor, when one only alters one note. In the A minor example, one would play A, B, C, D, E, F, G#, A both up and down. This creates whats known as a step and a half between F and G#. A step is when notes are more than just half a pitch apart G# and A are a half step, while G and A are a whole step. F# to A would be a step and a half. These step-and-a-halfs are thirds. 

Notes don't always have to fit into the proper key signature. If the key signature is G major, which has F#, and one wants to write an F natural, then use an accidental sign (meaning that the note should be marked with a natural sign to distinguish between it and the F# in the key signature). Also, the key signature can be changed in the middle of the piece, even several times if one desires it. A double bar line must be shown, along with the new key (this must include naturals in place of what used to be sharps or flats). After this, the next line is written normally, including the new key. 

After key has been decided, one must decide on a time signature. These are the numbers that are displayed in fractional form at the beginning of the line, after the clef and key. 4/4 is the most common. This means that there are four beats in a measure. is also a common one. This means that there are three beats in a measure this is the time signature of waltzes. 2/4 is also written, which is two beats to a measure. 2/2 is four beats in a measure, but twice as fast as 4/4. 6/8 is another fairly common one, which is 3 beats in a measure, but the 6/8 means to count the eighth notes there are then six beats in a measure. In 3/8, there are three beats in a measure, with the eighth note getting the beat. Much less common time signatures include 5/4, 12/8 (four beats in a measure, but much slower, and played like triplets), 6/4. Also, time (shown as c) and cut time (shown as a c with a line though it) represent 4/4 and 2/2, respectively. 

Notes are next. A whole note is an open circle with no stick. It gets four beats. A half note is an open circle with a straight stick, which gets two beats. A quarter note is a filled-in circle with a straight stick, which gets one beat. An eighth note is a filled-in noted with a stick that has a curved flag on the end, which gets half a beat. A sixteenth note is a filled in circle with a stick and a double curved flag, which gets a one-fourth beat. This goes on right through thirty-second, sixty-fourth, etc. notes, each half the value of the last note. Dots are added to all notes at times in order to create a more syncopated rhythm. These dots represent half the value of the note. For example, when added to a half note, it becomes a dotted half note, which is then worth three beats instead of two. This can be applied to notes of all lengths. Use as many notes as desired as long as it fits the beat requirements for that measure. 

An interesting variation is the triplet. A triplet is notated as three notes with a bracket over them. The number three is written above the bracket in order to show that its a triplet. Usually triplets are written with quarter or eighth notes, though any amount of notes that fit the measures requirements can be put in. The idea is to play three notes in the time thats allotted for two notes. In other words, one must play 1.5 times as fast in order to play all the notes in the original time. Its like playing in 6/8 while everyone else is playing in 4/4. 

When one begins writing music, one must keep in mind an interesting melody first of all. Write it, generally, for the most dominant instrument. From that, create chords with the other instruments based on the key thats being written in. Use all varieties of chords thirds, fifths, sevenths, even ninths or thirteenths. The chords dont always have to be for the key thats being written, and dissonance (purposely making the music sound bad due to two similar notes F# and G, for example being played at the same time) can be used to create effect. Vary the structure. The harmony parts dont have to fit exactly with the melody in rhythm, even in easy music. Using all of these techniques will help to create interesting, well-written music. 

One should take a note of caution: when writing for instruments other than string instruments, the notes are not always the same. For example, on a B-flat soprano clarinet, the B-flat is the same as the A on a stringed instrument or a piano. The note will sound the same, but it will be called by a different name. This must be taken into account when writing for a B-flat instrument and an A instrument. 

After this point, music writing starts to get much more complicated. These are simply the basics which anyone attempting to write music should know. 

Written by Kate Hillard 
Copyright 2002 by PageWise, Inc